Research Article
Mathematical Malaria Model Focusing on the Effects of Partial Immunity, Strong Immunity, Drug Resistance and Intensive Treatment
Grace Maithya*,
Virginia Kitetu,
Isaac Okwany
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 1, March 2025
Pages:
1-13
Received:
19 March 2025
Accepted:
3 April 2025
Published:
3 June 2025
Abstract: Malaria is a public health problem that has affected many countries across the continent. To address this problem, a malaria mathematical model on assessing the impact of strong and weak immunity was investigated. In addition to that drug resistance and intensive treatment analysis was also analyzed between human and mosquito population by the use of appropriate and standard procedures. A malaria model was developed where strong immunity, and weak immunity parameters were incorporated. A variable of drug resistance was also incorporated to describe the rates of transmission of human and mosquito populations. The basic reproductive number was derived using the Next Generation Matrix Method. The stability of the basic reproductive number was checked by use of the Jacobian Matrix. The disease Free equilibrium was found to be locally asymptotically stable as the basic reproductive number is less than one and unstable if greater than one. The results were found that increased immunity, and intensive treatment helped reduce the number of infections and increased recoveries. This study will be useful to the government and non governmental organizations because they will do intensive treatment to those who have resistance malaria infections and low immunity. The government will also give immune boosters so that drug resistance can stop and increase immunity hence leading to high recoveries. The mathematical malaria modelers will use this study as reference in their research.
Abstract: Malaria is a public health problem that has affected many countries across the continent. To address this problem, a malaria mathematical model on assessing the impact of strong and weak immunity was investigated. In addition to that drug resistance and intensive treatment analysis was also analyzed between human and mosquito population by the use ...
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Research Article
Gravitational Implications of Electromagnetic Charge 4D Spherically Anisotropic Spactime
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 1, March 2025
Pages:
14-23
Received:
15 February 2025
Accepted:
27 April 2025
Published:
21 June 2025
DOI:
10.11648/j.mma.20251001.12
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Abstract: In this study, we examine the behavior of an anisotropic fluid—one where pressures differ in radial and tangential directions—under the influence of gravity and electromagnetic charge in a four-dimensional, spherically symmetric spacetime. We consider both collapsing and expanding scenarios governed by Einsteins field equations, which describe how matter and energy affect the curvature of spacetime. To model a realistic astrophysical setting, we assume the interior of the spacetime is filled with the charged anisotropic fluid, while the exterior is described by the Reissner–Nordström metric, which represents the spacetime outside a charged, non-rotating mass. The two regions are smoothly joined using the Darmois matching conditions, ensuring that the geometry and physical quantities remain continuous at the boundary. Our analysis focuses on how the presence of electric charge and pressure anisotropy affects the dynamics of the fluid. Specifically, we investigate the profiles of energy density and pressure during both collapse and expansion. The results show that charge plays a significant role in influencing the fluids behavior, potentially resisting or enhancing the collapse depending on its magnitude. We also explore the evolution of anisotropy and demonstrate its impact through graphical analysis. The energy density, pressure, and anisotropy factor are plotted to visualize how they evolve in the presence of charge. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how anisotropic and charged fluids behave in dynamic gravitational settings, and they may have implications for astrophysical objects like charged compact stars or models of early-universe expansion.
Abstract: In this study, we examine the behavior of an anisotropic fluid—one where pressures differ in radial and tangential directions—under the influence of gravity and electromagnetic charge in a four-dimensional, spherically symmetric spacetime. We consider both collapsing and expanding scenarios governed by Einsteins field equations, which describe how ...
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,
Muhammad Talha
